Author (year) | Age/ sex | Site | Size (mm) | Symptoms | Surgical methods | Reconstruction | Recurrence (follow-up period) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cares et al. (1971) [9] | 30/F | • Fronto-zygomatic area • Anterior superior EAC | • Not described | • Temporal area swelling • Plugged ear sensation • Conductive hearing loss | • 1st OP: curettage • 2nd OP: excision (1 month after 1st OP) | • Not described | No recurrence (2 years) |
Longo et al. (1999) [10] | 27/M | • TMJ • Mandibular condyle • Temporal bone | • Not described | • TMJ swelling • Mouth opening deviation | • Subtotal excision (extended pre-auricular, temporal approach) | • Not described | No recurrence (1 year) |
Watanabe et al. (1999) [11] | 43/F | • TMJ • Temporal bone • Middle ear • EAC | • 15 x 20 | • Chronic otitis media • Conductive hearing loss | • Complete excision (retro-auricular approach) | • Surgical defect (Temporal muscle flap) | No recurrence (4 years) |
Toro et al. (2005) [12] | 57/F | • TMJ • Mandibular condyle | • 20 x 20 | • TMJ swelling • Mouth opening deviation • TMJ clicking | • Complete excision (pre-auricular approach to deep sub-fascia) | • Not described | No recurrence (1 year) |
Bian et al. (2005) [13] | 38/M | • Temporal bone • Zygomatic arch | • 30 | • Temporal area swelling • Conductive hearing loss | • Complete excision (middle cranial fossa approach) | • Not described | No recurrence (1.25 years) |
Kim et al. (2015) [14] | 49/F | • Mandibular condyle | • 20 | • TMJ swelling • Pre-auricular pain, swelling • Trismus | • Complete excision (pre-auricular approach) | • Not described | No recurrence (8 years) |
Liu et al. (2015) [15] | 27/F | • Clivus • Carotid canal | • 28 x 20 x 19 | • Headache • Diplopia • Facial dysesthesias | • Complete excision • Endoscopic endonasal approach | • Surgical defect (nasoseptal mucosal flap) | No recurrence (3 months) |
Hiraumi et al. (2016) [16] | 64/M | • TMJ • Middle cranial fossa • Superior semicircular canal • Foramen spinosum • Facial nerve • Otic capsule | • Not described | • Vertigo | • Complete excision (transpetrosal-transzygomatic approach) | • Eardrum, EAC (temporal fascia flap) • Surgical defect (abdominal fat) | No recurrence (5 years) |
Marano et al. (2019) [17] | 46/M | • Mandibular condyle | • 21 x 10 x 17 | • TMJ pain, swelling | • Complete excision (pre-auricular approach) | • Not described | No recurrence (1.5 years) |
Long et al. (2020) [18] | 40/F | • Sphenoid sinus | • 22 x 20 | • Dizziness • Headache | • Complete excision • Rhinoscopic surgery | • Not described | Not described |
Tomioka et al. (2020) [19] | 66/F | • TMJ • Temporal bone • Middle cranial fossa • EAC | • 35 x 25 x 20 | • Hearing loss • Mouth opening deviation • TMJ clicking | • Complete excision (modified auriculotemporal approach via U-shaped incision) • Endoscopic surgery | • Parietal bone (temporal muscle flap, titanium mesh plate) | No recurrence (5.5 years) |
Present case | 52/M | • TMJ • Mandibular condyle • Temporal bone • EAC | • 28 x 28 x 37 | • TMJ swelling, asymmetry • TMJ pain on palpation • Mouth opening deviation • Eyebrow paralysis | • Complete excision (pre-auricular approach) | • Anterior wall of the EAC (temporal fascia flap) • Surgical defect (inguinal fat graft, TPFF) | No recurrence (1.5 years) |