Table 2 Summary of studies included in the review

Ariga, 2017 [16]

Retrospective

10 (5 F, 5 M)

12 years (1998–2010)

Mean 13.4 months

6 in the maxilla and 27 in the mandible

Not specified

Clinical examination, radiological examination, interview using a questionnaire

N/A

Various, including ameloblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, osteoradionecrosis, odontogenic myxoma, and central giant cell granuloma

33

N/A

100%

100%

Attia, 2018 [17]

Retrospective

34 (11 F, 23 M)

11 years (2000–2011)

Dental implantation after 5 months

6 patients had maxillary defects, and 28 had mandibular defects

66 Xive, 45 BEGO, and 23 Synocta

Clinical assessments (dental status, oral condition, extent of prosthetic rehabilitation, postoperative complications, implant survival, and fibula transplant survival), radiological evaluations

Radiation (5 patients), malignancies (27 patients)

Tumor resection involving the jaw

134

53

91.05%

97%

Bodard, 2008 [18]

Not explicitly mentioned in the text, but it appears to be a retrospective study

23 (6 F, 17 M)

NR

Mean delay between MFF and placement of implants was 23.5 months (8–60)

Mandible

43 KIIIW (NobelBiocare) and 32 CinyW (Serf)

Clinical examination, dentascan, postoperative clinical and radiographic controls, criteria for implant success and prosthetic success

14 patients (60.8%) underwent radiotherapy before reconstruction and 5 after (21.7%)

Mandibular osteoradionecrosis was the indication for reconstruction in 7 patients (30.4% of irradiated patients)

80

N/A

80%

NR

Bodard, 2015 [19]

Retrospective

26 (9 F, 17 M)

NR

NR

Mandible

Not explicitly mentioned, but dimensions ranged from 3.75 × 10 mm to 4 × 15 mm

Number of osteotomies, number of implants, type of prosthesis, follow-up after prosthesis placement, preimplant surgery, quality of soft tissues, peri-implant complications, patient satisfaction (visual analog scale), esthetic outcomes, and improvement of masticatory function (questionnaire)

NR

NR

75

N/A

97.5%

NR

Burgess, 2016 [20]

Retrospective

59 (24 F, 35 M)

6 years (2009–2015)

Mean time was 19 months (range, 0–141 months)

Head and neck neoplasia

Neoss, Straumann

Implant failure, adverse outcomes, implant survival by smoking status, implant survival by bone flap type

12 patients received radiation to the VBG before implant placement

Head and neck neoplasia

199

N/A

93.6% 5 years

NR

Ch'ng, 2016 [21]

Retrospective

246 (80 F, 166 M)

6 years (2009–2015)

Mean time was 19 months (range, 0–141 months)

NR

AstraTec

Implant success, implant survival time, cumulative survival rates, risk factors for implant loss, completion of oral rehabilitation, odds ratios for osteoradionecrosis development

Preoperative radiation: 18 patients (7.3%)

Postoperative radiation: 147 patients (59.8%)

Chemotherapy: 99 patients (40.2%)

Tobacco use (smoking): 102 patients (41.5%)

Diabetes mellitus: 38 patients (15.5%)

NR

243

618 mandible, 271 maxilla

Mandible: 2.6% (16 out of 618)

Maxilla: 2.2% (6 out of 271)

Fibula: 8.2% (20 out of 243)

NR

Chiapasco, 2006 [22]

Retrospective

59 (21 F, 38 M)

8 years (1995–2002)

3–12 months

Mandible or maxilla

20 ITI, 44 Nobel Biocare, 7 3i

Clinical and radiographic controls

NR

Tumors or osteoradionecrosis affecting the maxillo-mandibular complex

243

N/A

98.6%

94.9%

De Santis, 2006 [23]

Retrospective

12

10 years (1993–2003)

Minimum of 6 months for osseointegration

Mandible

N/A

Clinical examination, radiographs, resonance frequency analysis (RFA) with Osstell

NR

Jawbone atrophy, cancer resection

76

N/A

100%

100%

Gbara, 2007 [24]

Retrospective

52 initially, 30 followed up (18 M, 12 F)

2 years (1992–1994)

N/A

Mandible, maxilla

IMZ, ITI, Duraplant

Implant survival, mucositis, peri-implantitis

Radiation in 18 patients with malignant tumor

Ablative tumor treatment, jaw augmentation

by severe atrophy, or osteomyelitis

117

N/A

97%

NR

Goker, 2020 [25]

Retrospective

14 (8 F, 6 M)

5 years (2013–2018)

Mean interval period between two surgeries was 24.6 months (0 to 3.5 years)

Mandible, maxilla

10 Biomet 3i 2 Intra-Lock, 2 Megagen

Implant survival, graft survival, complications, patient characteristics, and implant survival

None

Tumors

40

16

85.6% (79.75% for implants in flaps, 100% in native bone)

85.7%

Khadembaschi, 2020 [14]

Retrospective

100; 37 female (16 in FFF, 11 in DCIA, 8 in scapula, 2 in MFC) and 63 male (29 in FFF, 18 in DCIA, 14 in scapula, 1 in MFC, 1 in RFFF)

11 years (2008–2019)

Maxilla (11 in FFF, 10 in DCIA, 9 in scapula, 3 in MFC, 1 in RFFF), and mandible (34 in FFF, 19 in DCIA, 13 in scapula)

NS

Implant survival and success, prosthodontic success and failure

Radiation: RT to flap (15 in FFF, 4 in DCIA, 4 in scapula), RT pre-flap (9 in FFF, 1 in DCIA, 8 in scapula)

Malignancies: malignant (35 in FFF, 9 in DCIA, 15 in scapula, 1 in RFFF) and nonmalignant (10 in FFF, 20 in DCIA, 7 in scapula, 3 in MFC)

Various pathologies

318 (150 in FFF, 98 in DCIA, 62 in scapula, 6 in MFC, 2 in RFFF)

N/A

1 year (93% FFF, 97.5% DCIA, 98% scapula, 100% MFC, 100% RFFF), 2 years (90% FFF, 97.5% DCIA, 98% scapula), 5 years (86% FFF, 89% DCIA, 93% scapula), 7 years (83% FFF, 80% DCIA, 93% scapula), 9 years (69% FFF)

NR

Kniha, 2017 [26]

Retrospective

28 patients (14 with fibula flaps and 14 with DCIA flaps); 13 F, 15 M

3 years

6 to 9 months after reconstructive surgery

5 in the upper jaw, 23 in the lower jaw

Straumann, Camlog

Peri-implant bone resorption, implant survival rate, graft survival rate

10 patients (35.7%) treated with adjuvant radiotherapy before bony reconstruction

Malignant and benign tumors

109 implants (51 in DCIA flaps, 58 in fibula flaps)

N/A

98.3% for fibula flaps, 96.1% for DCIA flaps after 3 years

NR

Lodders, 2021 [12]

Retrospective

23 (21 F, 23 M)

22 years (1995–2017)

NR

Mandibular and maxillary defects

Straumann

Implant survival, implant function, implant success, functional dental rehabilitation

Presurgical radiation

Tumor resection and immediate FFF reconstruction (primary-FFF)

Tumor resection and delayed FFF reconstruction (secondary FFF)

Resection for osteoradionecrosis (ORN) with immediate FFF reconstruction (ORN-FFF)

161

26 maxilla, 15 mandible

18.0% (29/161) in the FFF, 11.5% (3/26) in the native maxilla, 6.7% (1/15) in the native mandible

NR

Lodders, 2022 [26]

Retrospective

57

11 years (2006–2017)

NR

Mandible

NS

EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-H&N 35

NR

Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer and had undergone maxillofacial reconstruction with a free fibula flap

55

N/A

NR

NR

Menapace, 2018 [27]

Retrospective

23 (7 F, 16 M)

9 years (2006–2015)

NR

Mandible

NS

Graft survival, implant survival, oral competence, speech intelligibility, diet

NR

ORN or ON

121

N/A

92%

95% (21 of 22) FFTT survival rate

Parbo, 2013 [13]

Retrospective

36 (13 F, 13 M)

13 years (1998–2011)

9.4 months

Partial mandibular resection, most frequently resected area was the lateral segment

Nobel Biocare, Astra, 3i, and Straumann

implant survival rate, graft survival rate

Radiation: 10 patients received presurgical radiotherapy; 16 patients received postsurgical radiotherapy

Malignancies: most common diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma, followed by sarcoma

Partial mandibular resection due to primary diagnosis (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, or ameloblastoma) or secondary resection due to sequelae following the initial treatment of the primary pathology (e.g., osteoradionecrosis or osteomyelitis)

67

N/A

96%

97%

Pellegrino, 2018 [28]

Retrospective

21 (6 F, 15 M)

17 years (1998–2015)

Mean of 20.8 months (range, 8–38 months)

Mandible and maxilla

25 Nobel System implants, 58 Friadent Dentsply, 8 BioHorizons, 6 Keystone, 6 BTK, 5 Biomet 3i

Implant survival, implant success, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, peri-implant bone loss, probing depth, and the presence of hyperplastic tissue surrounding the implants

Radiation, malignancies, systematic disease — 7 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy; 3 patients received postoperative chemotherapy without radiation therapy

Malignant and benign oral tumors

108

N/A

97.2% at 12-month follow-up, 86.5% at 60 months, 79.3% at 120 months

NR

Zweifel, 2018 [29]

Prospective

8 patients (13 implants in trial group and 15 implants in control group)

2 years

N/A

Mandible

AstraTech, Straumann, Neoss OsseoSpeed

Postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans to compare the position of dental implants before and after surgery using reconstruction plate as a reference, measurements of distances, and angulations

NR

NR

13 implants in trial group and 15 implants in control group

N/A

N/A

NR