Table 3 Anatomical distortions of nasal anatomy detectable in CT, specific maneuvers for correction, and the corresponding specific grafts used for correction

Nasal valve collapse

Restore and maintain nasal valve angle

Spreader graft, extended spreader graft

Alar collapse

Enhance alar support

Alar batten graft

Columellar retraction

Improve columellar projection

Columellar strut graft

Weak tip projection

Enhance and define nasal tip projection

Tip graft

Lateral crus weakness

Reinforce lateral crus support

Lateral crural strut graft

Internal nasal valve collapse

Stabilize internal nasal valve

Spreader graft, extended spreader graft

Nasal dorsum irregularities

Smooth nasal dorsum contour

Onlay graft

Tip irregularities

Refine nasal lip shape

Shield graft

Overall nasal aesthetic enhancement

Achieve harmonious nasal proportions

Cap graft

Nasal dorsum profile augmentation

Add volume to nasal dorsum

Onlay graft

Nasal tip aesthetic refinement

Sculpt and refine nasal tip appearance

Shield graft, cap graft