Fig. 2

Preparation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). PRP is produced through a two-step differential centrifugation process. First, red blood cells (RBCs) are separated during an initial centrifugation phase. Subsequent centrifugation concentrates the platelets, which are then suspended in a minimal plasma volume. This process leverages varying specific gravities to sediment cellular components based on acceleration force adjustments. On the other hand, PRF represents a second-generation autologous platelet concentrate derived from whole venous blood. After a brief centrifugation (~ 10 min) of blood in vacutainer tubes without anti-coagulants, a fibrin gel rich in growth factors, platelets, leukocytes (comprising nearly half of the initial blood sample), and lymphocytes is harvested. This gel is characterized by its slow and strong polymerization