Table 4 Reference point and plane [21, 22] (Figs. 1, 2)
Landmark | Description |
|---|---|
PorionRt (PoRt) | The most superior point of the Rt. EAM |
PorionLt (PoLt) | The most superior point of the Rt. EAM |
Oribitale (Or) | The midpoint of the infraorbital margin |
Oribitale (Or) | The midpoint of the infraorbital margin |
PNS | Tip of the posterior nasal spine |
GonionRt (GoRt) | Most inferior, posterior, outward point on the Rt. mandibular angle |
GonionLt (GoLt) | Most inferior, posterior, outward point on the Lt. mandibular angle |
Menton (Me) | Most inferior point on the symphysis outline |
CondylionRt (CdRt) | Most superior point on the head of the Rt. mandibular condyle |
CondylionLt (CdLt) | Most superior point on the head of the Lt. mandibular condyle |
Nasion (Na) | The most anterior point of the nasofrontal suture on the midsagittal plane |
Bagion (Ba) | The midpoint of the anterior border of the foramen magnum |
Plane | |
HRP | Horizontal reference plane: PoRt-OrRt.-PoLt |
SRP | Sagittal reference plane: perpendicular to HRP including Na-Ba line |
CP | Coronal plane: perpendicular to HRP and SRP, measurement plane |