Table 1 Model-relevant landmarks, planes, distances, and indicators

 B point (B)

Innermost curvature from chin to alveolar bone junction

 Menton (Me)

Lowest point on symphysis of mandible

 Pogonion (Pog)

Most anterior point on contour of chin

 A point (A)

Innermost curvature from maxillary anterior nasal spine to crest of maxillary alveolar process

 Coronoid process (Cp)

Tip of coronoid process

 Frankfurt-horizontal (FH) plane

Plane formed by right Po and both sides of Or

 Midsagittal reference (MSR) plane

Perpendicular to FH plane and passing through Na and Ba

 S-perpendicular plane (S-perp)

Perpendicular to FH and MSR planes and passing through Sella

 B point to S-perp (B^s)

Distance from B point to S-perpendicular plane

 Menton to S-perp (Me^s)

Distance from menton to S-perpendicular plane

 Pogonion to FH plane (Pog^f)

Distance from pogonion to FH plane

 A point to S-perp (A^s)

Distance from A point to S-perpendicular plane

 Coronoid process to FH plane (Cp^f)

Distance from tip of coronoid process to FH plane

 Occlusal vertical distance (VD)

Distance from mesial contact of upper 1st molar to that of lower 1st molar

 Final setback of B point \( \left({\mathrm{B}}_{20}^{\mathrm{s}}\right) \)

B^s changes from T ₀ to T ₂, combined effects of surgery and orthodontic treatment over presurgical (T ₀) to posttreatment period (T ₂)

 Surgical setback of B point \( \left({\mathrm{B}}_{10}^{\mathrm{s}}\right) \)

B^s changes from T ₀ to T ₁, surgical effects measured over presurgical (T ₀) to postsurgical period (T ₁)

 Surgical setback of menton \( \left({\mathrm{Me}}_{10}^{\mathrm{s}}\right) \)

Me^s changes from T ₀ to T ₁, surgical effects measured over presurgical (T ₀) to postsurgical period (T ₁)

 Surgical upward movement of pogonion \( \left({\mathrm{Pog}}_{10}^{\mathrm{f}}\right) \)

Pog^f changes from T ₀ to T ₁, surgical effects measured over presurgical (T ₀) to postsurgical period (T ₁)

 Postsurgical horizontal position of A point \( \left({\mathrm{A}}_1^{\mathrm{s}}\right) \)

Distance from A point to S-perpendicular plane measured at T ₁

 Postsurgical vertical position of coronoid process \( \left({\mathrm{Cp}}_1^{\mathrm{f}}\right) \)

Distance from tip of coronoid process to FH plane measured at T ₁