Validation of a new three-dimensional imaging system using comparative craniofacial anthropometry

Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Table 1 Facial surface landmarks and method of measurement undertaken

Measurement	Definition	Calliper/surface measurement	Instrument used for manual measurement
Face
Maxillary depth	sn-t	Calliper-sagittal/surface	Spreading and tape
Mandibular depth	gn-t	Calliper-sagittal/surface	Spreading and tape
Morphological face height	n-gn	Calliper-vertical	Spreading
Chin height	sl-gn	Calliper-vertical	Sliding
Orbit
Intercanthal width	en-en	Calliper-horizontal	Sliding
Biocular width	ex-ex	Calliper-horizontal	Sliding
Nose
Nose height	n-sn	Calliper-vertical	Sliding
Nasal tip protrusion	sn-prn	Calliper-sagittal	Sliding
Columella length	sn-c	Calliper-sagittal	Sliding
Alar surface length	ac-prn	Calliper-sagittal	Sliding and tape
Mouth
Labial fissure width	ch-ch	Calliper-horizontal	Sliding
Upper lip height	sn-sto	Calliper-vertical	Sliding
Upper Vermillion height	ls-sto	Calliper-vertical	Sliding
Lower vermillion height	sto-li	Calliper-vertical	Sliding
Lower lip height	sto-sl	Calliper-vertical	Sliding

ac alar curvature point, c columella apex, ch cheilion, en endocanthion, ex exocanthion, gn gnathion, li labrale inferius, ls labrale superius, n nasion, prn pronasale, sl sublabiale, sn subnasale, sto stomion, t tragion (Definitions as per Naini [35])