Fig. 3

Surgical procedures of the modified zygomatico-transmandibular approach to the infratemporal fossa, showing the incision with facial flap elevation (a), exposure and isolation of the facial nerve with mandibulotomy (b), direct exposure of the infratemporal fossa (c), mass dissection by orbito-zygomectomy with temporal muscle dissection (d), identification of the internal jugular vein, internal maxillary artery, ligation (e), and mass resection with temporal craniotomy (f)