Table 1 Comparison of clinical symptoms and incubation time of human coronaviruses [4]

229E

General malaise, headache, nasal discharge, sneezing, sore throat, fever and cough (10–20% of patients)

2–5 days

[9,10,11]

OC43

General malaise, headache, nasal discharge, sneezing, sore throat, fever and cough (10–20% of patients)

2–5 days

[9, 11,12,13]

NL63

Cough, rhinorrhea, tachypnea, fever, hypoxia, obstructive laryngitis (croup)

2–4 days

[14,15,16,17,18,19]

HKU1

Fever, running nose, cough, dyspnea

2–4 days

[20,21,22]

SARS-CoV

Fever, myalgia, headache, malaise, chills, non-productive cough, dyspnea, respiratory distress, diarrhea (30–40% of patients)

2–11 days

[14,15,16,17,18,19]

MERS-CoV

Fever, cough, chills, sore throat, myalgia, arthralgia, dyspnea, pneumonia, diarrhea and vomiting (one third of patients), acute renal impairment

2–13 days

[15, 23, 24]

2019-nCoV

Malaise, fever, dry cough, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, fatigue

1–14 days

[25,26,27,28]