Table 1 Anatomical landmarks
Landmark | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
Landmarks as reference points | S (sella) | Center of the pituitary fossa |
N (nasion) | Nasofrontal suture at the midline | |
MidZ (midpoint of Z) | Midpoint of the line between both Z points | |
Z point | The most inferior point on the zygomaticomaxillary suture | |
Po (porion) | The most superior point of the external auditory meatus | |
Landmarks as midsagittal measurement points | ANS | Anterior nasal spine |
U1 | The superior of the contact point between the upper central incisors | |
L1 | The superior of the contact point between the lower central incisors | |
B point | The deepest point in the bony concavity in the mandibular midline | |
Me (menton) | The lowest border of the mandible | |
Landmarks as bilateral measurement points | Or (orbitale) | The lowest points of the orbital rim |
Co (condylion) | The most superior points of the condyles | |
Gonion | The most inferior and posterior points at the angles of the mandible | |
U6 | The central points of the pulp cavity at the upper first molar | |
L6 | The central points of the pulp cavity at the lower first molar | |