Table 3 The mean and standard deviation (SD) for alterations in velopharyngeal (VP), oropharyngeal (OP), hypopharyngeal (HP), and total pharyngeal (TP) dimensions between the study groups

VP

Mandibular setback

-2.53 ± 1.12^a

1.40 ± 0.71

-1.12 ± 1.01^a

Bimaxillary surgery

-2.26 ± 1.17^a

1.72 ± 0.75

-0.54 ± 1.43^a

Maxillary advancement

-1.04 ± 0.99^b

1.73 ± 1.56

0.68 ± 1.14^b

Statistical significance*

P=0.001

P=0.634

P<0.001

OP

Mandibular setback

-2.08 ± 1.29^a

0.81 ± 0.67^a

-1.26 ± 1.11^a

Bimaxillary surgery

-1.57 ± 0.94^a,b

1.02 ± 0.85^a,b

-0.55 ± 0.77^a

Maxillary advancement

-0.87 ± 1.19^b

1.71 ± 1.05^b

0.84 ± 0.70^b

Statistical significance*

P=0.018

P=0.015

P<0.001

HP

Mandibular setback

-1.73 ± 0.87^a

0.69 ± 0.49^a

-1.04 ± 0.79^a

Bimaxillary surgery

-1.51 ± 0.55^a,b

1.10 ± 0.53^a,b

-0.40 ± 0.51^a

Maxillary advancement

-1.04 ± 0.67^b

1.64 ± 1.16^b

0.60 ± 1.00^b

Statistical significance*

P=0.028

P=0.005

P<0.001

TP

Mandibular setback

-6.34 ± 2.01^a

2.91 ± 0.95^a

-3.42 ± 2.16^a

Bimaxillary surgery

-5.36 ± 1.64^a

3.85 ± 1.04^a,b

-1.50 ± 1.83^b

Maxillary advancement

-2.97 ± 1.51^b

5.09 ± 2.15^b

2.12 ± 1.63^c

Statistical significance*

P<0.001

P=0.001

P<0.001