Author | Study design | Country | Number of patients | Age in months, SD | M/Fa | Race | Comorbidities | Type of syndrome | Type of craniosynostosis | Level of evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chiaretti [10] | P | Italy | 20 | 3.9 | 11/8 | NA | NA | Crouzon’s (5), Apert’s (1) | Scaphocephaly (8), anterior plagiocephaly (6) | II |
Marel [28] | RCT | Netherland | 40 | 2.7 | 29/11 | NA | NA | NA | Trigonocephaly 7, scaphocephaly 20, plagiocephaly 9, brachycephaly 4 | I |
Warren [31] | R | Canada | 71 | 18 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Sagittal 16, coronal 12, metopic 7, other 5 | II |
Jong [27] | RCT | Netherland | 60 | 6.8 | 45/15 | NA | NA | NA | Trigonocephaly 5, scaphocephaly 8, plagiocephaly 5, other 2 | I |
Bracho [36] | P | France | 32 | 16 | 19/13 | NA | NA | NA | Trigonocephaly 12, scaphocephaly 7, plagiocephaly 6, brachycephaly 3, pachycephaly 4 | II |
Bronco [30] | P | Italy | 206 | 3.1 | 123/86 | NA | NA | NA | NA | II |
Fearon [35] | RCT | USA | 50 | 52 | 38/12 | white (38), non-white (12) | NA | NA | NA | II |
Arts [29] | R | Netherlands | 121 | 3.9 | 85/36 | NA | Atopy (4), viral infection (3), neutropenia (1), facial malformation (2), cardiac (2), pulmonary (2), | Abert (3), Muenke (2) | Scaphocephaly (63), trigonocephaly (36), plagiocephaly (14), brachycephaly (1), syndromal (5), multisutural (2) | II |
Cercueil [38] | CC | France | 81 | 11 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Trigonocephaly (35), scaphocephaly (31), other (15) | III |
Kattail [14] | R | USA | 54 | 21.1 | 30/24 | White (36), black (8), others (10) | NA | Nonsyndromic | NA | II |
Tuncer [37] | R | USA | 74 | 30.6 | 44/30 | NA | None | NA | Sagittal (24), metopic (15), unilateral coronal (10), lambdoid (3), multisuture or complex (22) | II |
Reddy [32] | R | USA | 80 | 30 | 47/33 | Asian (2), black (20), white (50), other (8) | NA | NA | Single suture (37), double suture (10), triple suture (13), 4 or more (20) | II |
Xu [2] | CS | USA | 2 | 20 | 2/0 | NA | Short gut, premature, and enterocolitis, significant anemia and developmental delay | NA | Sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis | IV |
Festa [39] | CC | Italy | 26 | 7.8 | 15/11 | NA | NA | NA | Scalp block group: scaphocephaly (6), trigonocephaly (3), right anterior plagiocephaly (2), complex craniosynostosis (2) Control group: scaphocephaly (8), trigonocephaly (2), right anterior plagiocephaly (1), left anterior plagiocephaly (1), complex craniosynostosis (1) | III |
Knackstedt [34] | R | USA | 78 | 33.6 | 34/34 | NA | NA | NA | NA | II |
Zubovic [33] | R | USA | 43 | 48 | 5/38 | NA | NA | NA | NA | II |