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Table 1 The characteristics of the studies included and the patients recruited

From: The management of perioperative pain in craniosynostosis repair: a systematic literature review of the current practices and guidelines for the future

Author

Study design

Country

Number of patients

Age in months, SD

M/Fa

Race

Comorbidities

Type of syndrome

Type of craniosynostosis

Level of evidence

Chiaretti [10]

P

Italy

20

3.9

11/8

NA

NA

Crouzon’s (5), Apert’s (1)

Scaphocephaly (8), anterior plagiocephaly (6)

II

Marel [28]

RCT

Netherland

40

2.7

29/11

NA

NA

NA

Trigonocephaly 7, scaphocephaly 20, plagiocephaly 9, brachycephaly 4

I

Warren [31]

R

Canada

71

18

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sagittal 16, coronal 12, metopic 7, other 5

II

Jong [27]

RCT

Netherland

60

6.8

45/15

NA

NA

NA

Trigonocephaly 5, scaphocephaly 8, plagiocephaly 5, other 2

I

Bracho [36]

P

France

32

16

19/13

NA

NA

NA

Trigonocephaly 12, scaphocephaly 7, plagiocephaly 6, brachycephaly 3, pachycephaly 4

II

Bronco [30]

P

Italy

206

3.1

123/86

NA

NA

NA

NA

II

Fearon [35]

RCT

USA

50

52

38/12

white (38), non-white (12)

NA

NA

NA

II

Arts [29]

R

Netherlands

121

3.9

85/36

NA

Atopy (4), viral infection (3), neutropenia (1), facial malformation (2), cardiac (2), pulmonary (2),

Abert (3), Muenke (2)

Scaphocephaly (63), trigonocephaly (36), plagiocephaly (14), brachycephaly (1), syndromal (5), multisutural (2)

II

Cercueil [38]

CC

France

81

11

NA

NA

NA

NA

Trigonocephaly (35), scaphocephaly (31), other (15)

III

Kattail [14]

R

USA

54

21.1

30/24

White (36), black (8), others (10)

NA

Nonsyndromic

NA

II

Tuncer [37]

R

USA

74

30.6

44/30

NA

None

NA

Sagittal (24), metopic (15), unilateral coronal (10), lambdoid (3), multisuture or complex (22)

II

Reddy [32]

R

USA

80

30

47/33

Asian (2), black (20), white (50), other (8)

NA

NA

Single suture (37), double suture (10), triple suture (13), 4 or more (20)

II

Xu [2]

CS

USA

2

20

2/0

NA

Short gut, premature, and enterocolitis, significant anemia and developmental delay

NA

Sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis

IV

Festa [39]

CC

Italy

26

7.8

15/11

NA

NA

NA

Scalp block group: scaphocephaly (6), trigonocephaly (3), right anterior plagiocephaly (2), complex craniosynostosis (2)

Control group: scaphocephaly (8), trigonocephaly (2), right anterior plagiocephaly (1), left anterior plagiocephaly (1), complex craniosynostosis (1)

III

Knackstedt [34]

R

USA

78

33.6

34/34

NA

NA

NA

NA

II

Zubovic [33]

R

USA

43

48

5/38

NA

NA

NA

NA

II

  1. CC Case control, CS Case series, R Retrospective cohort, P Prospective cohort, M Male, F Female, NA Not available, USA United States of America
  2. aGender distribution was based on the total number of patients with craniosynostosis