The management of perioperative pain in craniosynostosis repair: a systematic literature review of the current practices and guidelines for the future

Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Table 4 A qualitative assessment of the case series included

Domain For Evaluating the Methodological Quality of Case Reports and Case Series
Reference	Selection	Ascertainment		Causality		Reporting
	Leading Explanatory Questions
	Q. 1	Q. 2	Q. 3	Q. 4	Q. 5	Q. 6	Q. 7	Q. 8
Xu [2]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes

Selection: [question 1]. Does the patient(s) represent(s) the whole experience of the investigator (center) or is the selection method unclear to the extent that other patients with similar presentations may not have been reported?
Ascertainment: [question 2]. Was the exposure adequately ascertained? [question 3]. Was the outcome adequately ascertained?
Causality: [question 4]. Were other alternative causes that may explain the observation ruled out? [question 5]. Was there a challenge/rechallenge phenomenon? [question 6]. Was there a dose–response effect? [question 7]. Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur?
Reporting: [question 8] Is the case(s) described with sufficient details to allow other investigators to replicate the research or to allow practitioners to make inferences related to their own practice?