Table 6 Comparison of the average facial measurements of the Kenyan male (KM) face and Kenyan female (KF) face with North American whites. NAW data from Farkas et al. [8, 14, 20] and the African-American data from Farkas et al. [8] using one-sample t test

Forehead height I (tr-g)

61.4 (3.2)

4.4 (3.2)

< 0.001

− 0.4 (3.2)

0.496

 Forehead height II (tr-n)

72.2 (2.3)

5.1 (2.3)

< 0.001

0.2 (2.3)

0.576

 Midface height (g-sn)

64.8 (6.5)

− 2.4 (6.5)

0.033

− 4.0 (6.5)

0.001

 Nasal height (n-sn)

51.0 (1.9)

− 3.8 (1.9)

< 0.001

− 0.9 (1.9)

0.005

 Lower face height (sn-me)

76.4 (3.6)

3.8 (3.6)

< 0.001

− 2.6 (3.6)

< 0.001

 Upper lip height (sn-sto)

25.5 (1.3)

3.1 (1.3)

< 0.001

− 0.7 (1.3)

0.004

 Lower lip height (sto-sl)

22.5 (1.9)

2.8 (1.9)

< 0.001

0.4 (1.9)

0.230

 Philtrum height (sn-ls)

15.5 (1.3)

− 0.4 (1.3)

0.072

− 0.9 (1.3)

< 0.001

 Lateral commissure height

23.5 (2.6)

 Upper vermillion height (Is-sto)

13.7 (1.3)

5.9 (1.3)

< 0.001

0.1 (1.3)

0.726

 Lower vermillion height (sto-li)

13.8 (0.9)

4.5 (0.9)

< 0.001

0.0 (0.9)

0.903

 Chin height (fml-me)

36.5 (3.1)

3.4 (3.1)

< 0.001

0.5 (3.1)

0.307

 Lower lip to labiomental fold

12.1 (1.9)

0.2 (1.9)

0.473

0.3 (1.9)

0.021

 Labiomental fold

8.2 (1.9)

 Lower lip to menton

56.2 (3.5)

8.2 (3.4)

< 0.001

− 1.3 (3.5)

0.037

 Nasion to menton

101.8 (3.6)

 Intercanthal distance (en-en)

32.2 (1.9)

− 1.1 (1.9)

0.002

−3.6 (1.9)

< 0.001

 Eye width (ex-en)

34.0 (3.4)

2.7 (3.4)

< 0.001

1.1 (3.4)

0.071

 Biocular width (ex-ex)

98.2 (3.5)

7.0 (3.5)

< 0.001

1.4 (3.5)

0.021

 Nasal width (al-al)

43.2 (3.8)

8.3 (3.8)

< 0.001

− 1.0 (3.8)

0.139

 Ala curvature (ac-ac)

41.3 (3.1)

8.5 (3.1)

< 0.001

1.3 (3.1)

0.019

 Mouth width (ch-ch)

55.9 (3.3)

1.4 (3.3)

0.014

1.3 (3.3)

0.022

 Bitemporal width (ft-ft)

115.3 (3.4)

− 0.6 (3.4)

0.273

− 1.0 (3.4)

0.077

 Bizygomatic width (zy-zy)

133.8 (4,6))

− 5.3 (4.6)

< 0.001

− 4.9 (4.6)

< 0.001

 Bigonial width (go-go)

106.6 (5.9)

1.0 (5.9)

0.312

2.4 (5.9)

0.019

 Forehead height I (tr-g)

55.4 (3.3)

2.7 (3.3)

< 0.001

− 0.3 (3.3)

0.545

 Forehead height II (tr-n)

67.5 (2.9)

4.5 (2.9)

< 0.001

0.4 (2.9)

0.423

 Midface height (g-sn)

65.3 (5.7)

2.2 (5.7)

0.027

0.7 (5.7)

0.481

 Nasal height (n-sn)

47.6 (3.1)

− 3.0 (3.1)

< 0.001

− 1.2 (3.1)

0.029

 Lower face height (sn-me)

65.0 (4.8)

5.2 (4.8)

< 0.001

− 2.0 (4.8)

0.013

 Upper lip height (sn-sto)

24.0 (2.5)

3.9 (2.5)

< 0.001

− 0.5 (2.5)

0.267

 Lower lip height (sto-sl)

20.7 (1.1)

2.9 (1.1)

< 0.001

0.5 (1.1)

0.004

 Philtrum height

13.5 (1.6)

− 0.3 (1.6)

0.229

− 0.5 (1.6)

0.052

 Lateral commissure height

22.3 (2.3)

 Upper vermillion height (Is-sto)

13.4 (0.9)

4.7 (0.9)

< 0.001

0.1 (0.9)

0.332

 Lower vermillion height (sto-li)

13.6 (1.0)

4.2 (1.0)

< 0.001

0.4 (1.0)

0.031

 Chin height (sl-gn)

34.1 (3.2)

7.1 (3.2)

< 0.001

− 1.1 (3.2)

0.046

 Lower lip to labiomental fold

10.6 (1.1)

−0.2 (1.1)

0.401

− 0.2 (1.1)

0.401

 Labiomental fold

7.9 (2.8)

 Lower lip to menton

51.6 (3.4)

8.2 (3.4)

< 0.001

− 0.5 (3.4)

0.399

 Nasion to menton

117.1 (5.4)

 Intercanthal distance (en-en)

32.1 (1.4)

0.3 (1.4)

0.136

− 2.3 (1.4)

< .001

 Eye width (ex-en)

33.7 (1.5)

3.0 (1.5)

< 0.001

1.5 (1.5)

< 0.001

 Biocular width (ex-ex)

94.4 (4.9)

6.6 (4.9)

< 0.001

1.5 (4.9)

0.077

 Nasal width (al-al)

40.7 (3.7)

9.3 (3.7)

< 0.001

0.6 (3.7)

0.313

 Ala curvature (R – L)

33.5 (2.2)

3.0 (2.2)

< 0.001

1.3 (2.2)

0.019

 Mouth width (ch-ch)

52.0 (4.0)

1.8 (4.0)

0.008

− 1.6 (4.0)

0.022

 Bitemporal width (ft-ft)

111.2 (2.5)

− 0.3 (2.5)

0.430

− 0.2 (2.5)

0.582

 Bizygomatic width (zy-zy)

130.1 (3.5)

0.1 (3.5)

0.827

− 0.4 (3.5)

0.523

 Bigonial width (go-go)

96.8 (2.9)

2.3 (2.9)

0.001

0.1 (2.9)

0.880