Table 4 Histomorphometric analysis on alveolar sockets grafted with ABXs for ARP. Data are presented as Mean percentages ± SD

Carmagnola et al., 2003

Spontaneous healing

ABX

Collagen membrane

-

Lamellar bone

56.1 ± 18.1%

26.0 ± 23.7%

40.1 ± 15.9%

-

Woven bone

0.5 ± 1.0%

8.4 ± 8.0%

12.9 ± 15.7%

-

Bone Marrow

43.0 ± 18.0%

26.2 ± 15.9%

46.0 ± 16.7%

-

Connective tissue

0%

18.1 ± 17.0%

0%

-

Residual graft particles

-

21.1 ± 20.0%

-

-

Timepoint of analyses: 1–15 years for Untreated group; 7 months for Treated group 1; 4 months for Treated group 2

Vance et al., 2004

-

ABX

covered by collagen membrane

DFDBA

with a putty carrier

covered with a

CaS barrier

-

Vital bone

-

26 ± 20%**

61 ± 9%

-

Trabecular spaces

-

54 ± 15%**

32 ± 10%

-

Residual graft particles

-

16 ± 7%**

3 ± 3%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 4 months

Mardas et al., 2010

-

ABX

covered by a resorbable bi-layer collagen barrier

SBC

covered by a resorbable bi-layer collagen barrier

-

New bone formation

-

New bone formation was mainly limited in the apical part of the biopsy, where newly formed bone of either the woven or the mature lamellar type was observed in direct contact with the ABX particles

The newly formed bone was observed mainly at the apical part of the biopsy and was mainly woven, with more lamellar bone occurring only in isolated

instances

-

Timepoint of analyses: 8 months

Heberer et al., 2011

Spontaneous healing

Collagenated ABX

-

-

New bone formation

44.21 ± 24.89%

24.40 ± 10.81%*

-

-

Graft particles

-

14.75 ± 6.98%

-

-

Timepoint of analyses: 12 weeks

Nam et al., 2011

-

ABX

covered by collagen membrane

ABX

coated with collagen-binding peptide

and covered by collagen membrane

-

New bone

-

5.3 ± 8.3%**

10.4 ± 4.6%

-

Connective tissue

-

78.3 ± 19.5%

70.8 ± 8.7%

-

Graft

-

16.4 ± 12.2%

18.7 ± 7.0%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Gholami et al., 2012

-

ABX

spongiosa granules covered by collagen membrane

NCHA

covered by collagen membrane

-

Total bone

-

27.35 ± 12.39%

28.63 ± 12.53%

-

Woven bone

-

18.21% of total bone

13.21% of total bone

-

Bone marrow

-

20.62 ± 9.91%

13.68 ± 8.07%

-

Residual graft particles

-

52.03 ± 14.70%

57.69 ± 11.85%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6–8 months

Cook and Mealey, 2013

-

Collagenated ABX

covered by a collagen membrane

Bovine collagen coated with

30% non-sintered

HA mineral

-

Vital bone

-

32.83 ± 14.72%**

47.03 ± 9.09%

-

Connective tissue/other

-

53.73 ± 6.76%

52.97 – 9.09%

-

Residual graft

-

13.44 ± 11.57%

ND

-

Timepoint of analyses: 21 weeks

Calasans-Maia et al., 2014

-

Bovine ABX

type I

Bovine ABX

type II

-

Vital bone

-

19.3 ± 22.5%

33.6 ± 7.1%

-

Connective tissue

-

49.9 ± 14.0%

32.3 ± 8.8%

-

Residual graft

-

22.5 ± 7.9%

10.6 ± 16.2%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Milani et al., 2016

Spontaneous healing

ABX

covered by a resorbable membrane

-

-

Lamellar bone

30.6 ± 13.4%

14.6 ± 12.2%

-

-

Osteoid

29.3 ± 11.2%

25.8 ± 22.3%

-

-

Bone marrow

40.1 ± 28.3%

26.2 ± 14.3%

-

-

Residual graft material

-

33.4 ± 27.2%

-

-

Timepoint of analyses: 5 months

Scheyer et al., 2016

-

Collagenated ABX

plus native, bilayer collagen membrane

Demineralized allograft

plus reconstituted and cross-linked

collagen membrane

-

New bone

-

29.81 ± 9.03%

33.36 ± 11.09%

-

Connective tissue/

bone marrow

-

50.77 ± 8.26%

53.66 ± 7.62%

-

Graft remnants

-

19.40 ± 10.99%**

12.78 ± 6.60%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Nart et al., 2017

-

ABX

covered by a collagen membrane

Collagenated ABX

covered by a collagen membrane

-

Newly formed bone

-

33.44 ± 17.82%

37.68 ± 13.38%

-

Connective tissue

-

53.88 ± 17.43%

50.31 ± 19.20%

-

Residual graft particles

-

13.14 ± 8.32%

16.00 ± 11.60%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 5 months

Pang et al., 2017

-

ABX

Autogenous demineralized dentin matrix

-

Newly formed bone

-

35.00 ± 19.33%

31.24 ± 13.87%

-

Soft tissues

-

47.93 ± 24.46%

59.81 ± 15.50%

-

Residual graft material

-

17.08 ± 16.57%

8.95 ± 6.15%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Serrano Mendez et al., 2017

-

Collagenated ABX

covered by collagen membrane

DFDBA

covered by collagen membrane

Newly formed bone

-

35.3 ± 16.8%

25.5 ± 10.1%

-

Marrow spaces

-

19.8 ± 10.8%

24.2 ± 16.5%

-

Total bone volume

-

55.0 ± 25.1%

49.7 ± 19.5%

-

Soft tissue

-

22.8 ± 13.7%

16.5 ± 12.1%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Shim et al., 2018

-

ABX

Hydroxyapatite synthetic bone

with rhBMP-2

-

New bone

-

6.13 ± 4.32%**

25.37 ± 17.23%

-

Residual graft

-

16.79 ± 1.46%

12.03 ± 8.03%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 3 months

Lim et al., 2019

Spontaneous

healing

Collagenated ABX

Collagenated ABX

covered by a native bilayer collagen membrane

-

Newly formed bone

25.16 ± 18.45%

11.32 ± 7.39%

16.92 ± 14.86%

-

Soft tissues

(epithelium,

connective tissue)

2.79 ± 1.19%

1.97 ± 1.20%

2.09 ± 0.44%

-

Graft particles

-

16.96 ± 8.93%

11.23 ± 7.64%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 4 months

Machtei et al., 2019

Spontaneous

healing

ABX

Biphasic calcium sulfate with hydroxyapatite

-

Newly formed bone

81.72 ± 4.3%

22.50 ± 24.72%*, **

44.15 ± 18.8%*

Residual graft particles

-

40.18 ± 17.2%**

16.51 ± 16.2%

Timepoint of analyses: 4 months

Santana et al., 2019

-

ABX

covered by a PEG barrier membrane

Blood coagulum covered by a PEG barrier membrane

AlloGraft

covered by a PEG barrier membrane

New bone

-

28.18%**

47.81%

33.34%

Connective tissue

-

62.93%

52.19%

58.43%

Residual graft particles

-

8.89%

-

8.23%

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Taschieri et al., 2019

-

ABX

covered by

a palatal graft

70% MgHA + 

30% equine collagen

-

Newly formed vital bone

-

22.77 ± 6.95%

23.07 ± 10.3%)

-

Residual graft particles

15.77 ± 1.95%**

5.01 ± 1.04%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 6 months

Lai et al., 2020

-

Bovine ABX

covered by a

d-PTFE membrane

Porcine ABX

covered by a

d-PTFE membrane

-

Vital bone

-

36.21 ± 26.51%

31.27 ± 16.23%

-

Connective tissue/other

-

43.32 ± 15.78%

49.21 ± 10.79%

-

Residual graft material

-

20.47 ± 15.29%

19.52 ± 9.19%

-

Timepoint of analyses: 18–20 weeks