Case 1
A 55-year-old female patient with serious bilateral maxillary molar eruption visited the hospital to secure space for mandibular molar prosthetics. For diagnosis, she received clinical and radiological examinations (Fig. 1).
She had serious bilateral maxillary molar eruption (bilateral vertical dimension on the first molar 0 mm), bilateral mandibular molar edentulous condition, lack of proper vertical dimension for prosthetic treatment, and multiple dental caries, and retained dental root were observed.
PMSO was planned to restore decreased vertical dimension due to serious eruption of the bilateral maxillary molar, and we decided to shift the molars in a posterior-superior direction by approximately 7 mm from the maxillary and mandibular right first premolar.
Incision was conducted in accordance with local analgesia under general anesthesia, and a buccal flap was formed. Horizontal osteotomy was performed from the bilateral first premolar to the first permanent molar, while vertical osteotomy was conducted on the mesial surface of the bilateral first premolar.
After palatal osteotomy, the maxillary posterior segment was separated, and excessive bone fragments were removed. The segmented bone fragments were shifted using the wafer, which was made before operation, and then they were fixed using the mini plate and screws. And the operation was finished following intra-oral suture and intermaxillary fixation (Fig. 2).
At 2 weeks, stitch-out and removal of the intermaxillary fixation were conducted, and at 4 weeks, the wafer placed on the maxillary teeth was shifted. Then, implant placement and prosthetic treatment were done (Fig. 3). One, 2, and 6 months after the surgery, we confirmed stable occlusion and no complications such as necrosis of the osteotomy site.
Case 2
A 43-year-old female patient visited the hospital for treatment of the erupted maxillary right molar and the molar width discrepancy and protruded upper lip. She was able to bite just in the left due to excessive eruption (downward canting, 3 mm) of the maxillary right molar and scissor bite in clinical and radiological examinations (Figs. 4 and 5). Over eruption and scissor bite of right maxillary molar teeth, maxillary and mandibular hypo-growth (SNA 75.68, SNB 71.41), maxillary arch length discrepancy (maxillary inter molar width 46 mm, mandibular intermolar width 40 mm) (Fig. 6), acute nasolabial angle (90°), and protruded upper lip (upper lip E-line 1.95) were found, and for surgical treatment, Le Fort I osteotomy and PMSO were performed. According to the analysis and surgical planning, total setback 5.5 mm, posterior impaction 3.0 mm, and medial shift of maxillary right molar 5.0 mm was planned.
Le Fort I osteotomy was conducted in accordance with local analgesia under general anesthesia.
After maxillary down fracture was performed, maxillary setback was secured using the intermediate wafer. And then, vertical osteotomy and palatal osteotomy were conducted between the maxillary right lateral incisor and maxillary right canine, and osteotomy of the maxillary right molar was finished (Fig. 7). Medial shift of the segmental bone fragment was identified using the final wafer, and then it was fixed using the plate and screws, and intra-oral suture and intermaxillary fixation were carried out (SNA 67.66, SNB 66.41).
At 2 weeks, stitch-out and intermaxillary fixation were removed, and at 4 weeks, the wafer was removed. She continued postoperative orthodontic treatment and she had stable occlusion (Figs. 8 and 9). Maxillary arch length discrepancy (Fig. 10) was also effectively decreased (maxillary inter molar width 41 mm, mandibular inter molar width 40 mm), enabling the patient to chew with bilateral molars and satisfying the lateral profile of the upper lip (upper lip E-line −1.82).
Discussion
Segmental osteotomy is a surgical procedure which moves alveolar bone fragments of the teeth to improve skeletal malformation and malocclusion and is divided into anterior and posterior molar segmental osteotomy according to the location of operation [6, 7].
Of these, posterior maxillary molar segmental osteotomy was developed by Schuchardt as a two-stage operation for the treatment of anterior open bite in 1954, and then it was transformed into a one-stage operation by Kufner in 1960. Since post-PMSO physiological cure was reported by Bell in 1971, the one-stage operation has been broadly used [8, 9].
If intermaxillary space is decreased by the erupted maxillary molar for a variety of causes, various treatment methods can be attempted so that the patient can bite normally. However, if the degree of eruption is serious, there may be limitations in establishing an ideal treatment plan with prosthetic treatment alone.
Forced orthodontic intrusion using extruded molar is also a good treatment option and has been shown satisfactory results [10]. If one proceeds with orthodontic treatment alone to solve the decreased vertical dimension or arch length discrepancy, it may cause various problems. Patient compliance may be difficult to achieve given the significant length of treatment. Root resorption routinely occurs when forced intrusion is proceeded. The extrusion of anchorage teeth is the main complication of the conventional orthodontic method such as intrusion arch technique [11]. And there are still limitations in the amount of intrusion even when using contemporary method such as micro-implant. The variation of the maxillary molar intrusion ranged from −3.68 to 8.67 mm accompanying buccal tilting of the compromised molar teeth [12].
PMSO can be used as a surgical procedure for securing decreased intermaxillary space, treatment of horizontally excessive growth of the maxilla, maxillary and mandibular arch width discrepancy, molar open bite, and deep bite [1]. And it can rather be a conservative approach in terms of saving the severely extruded molar teeth.
In this case report, the patients lacked intermaxillary space due to the seriously erupted maxillary molar. So, proper occlusal rehabilitation only by prosthetic treatment was difficult. Also, as cross bite of the molars exists, molar relationship can be improved by orthodontic treatment, but limited shift inevitably occurs because tooth shift is only possible within the alveolar housing during orthodontic treatment. After attempts to secure intermaxillary space and balance interarch molar width were made through maxillary molar segmental osteotomy in such situations, their biting ability could be successfully restored.
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the posterior maxillary osteotomy is not performed only for posterior molar width improvements. It is usually used as a preemptive treatment to improve the prosthetic problems that appear after tooth extraction is accompanied. However, when there were difficulties before making implant crown after implant surgery due to unbalanced molar width following excessively tilted implant to the buccal side, satisfactory outcome was obtained by correcting the implant location through maxillary molar segmental osteotomy in some cases [3]. Therefore, this case report is meaningful in that maxillary molar segmental osteotomy was used to improve decreased arch space and improper molar width following tooth extraction.
Implant placement of the mandibular molar can be done at the same time with maxillary molar segmental osteotomy, or can be done after the operation, but the proper timing has not been established clearly yet [4, 5, 13]. If operation is conducted simultaneously, a treatment period can be shortened and frequency of operation can be decreased. However, in this case report, the patients wanted a less invasive treatment method, so PMSO and implant placement of the mandibular molar could not be simultaneously performed.
As complications of maxillary molar segmental osteotomy, postoperative infection of the surgical site, hemorrhage, vitality loss of the adjacent tooth, and necrosis of bone fragments may occur. Of these, in particular, damaged dental root adjacent to the surgical site may be fully prevented by the operator, so care must be taken. Rarely, cases of inflammatory dental root resorption have been reported after a long time following maxillary molar segmental osteotomy [14]. On the other hand, according to the histological study by Lownie et al., pulpal tissues of the adjacent tooth following segmental osteotomy were spontaneously cured; therefore, endodontic treatment of the dental root adjacent to the surgical site is not essential and may be delayed until a clinical symptom appears [15–17]. Accordingly, postoperative pulp vitality test should be accompanied. In this case report, neither pulpal necrosis on the adjacent tooth of the region where segmental osteotomy was conducted nor the accompanying symptoms occurred.
The success or failure of the segmental osteotomy is dependent on the ongoing blood supply to the segmented bone. An unusual complication of the PMSO is the open bite caused by insufficient osteotomy. It is important to keep the integrity of the palatal mucosa of the mobilized segment unless it leads to the avascular necrosis of the segmented bone. During the hospitalization and follow-up periods, we did not find any irregularity of the palatal mucosa and avascular necrosis of the operated site, and the occlusion was stabilized without the open bite.
